The construction of a building can be considered as production with temporary factory. The building site being the ‘factory’ in which the building contractor will make the product on site. Site layout can be defined as site space allocation for material storage, working areas, units of accommodation, plant positions, general circulation areas, and also access and egress for deliveries and emergency services.

The construction site layout would be focusing on construction project of a building and the elements on what it should have. The building site have to be carefully controlled so that:

• The operatives of construction have the right machinery in the most advantageous position.
• The materials stored with care so that they are readily available and not interfering with general site circulation.
• An adequate storage spacing for construction materials on site.
• Site accommodation and complete facilities for construction workforce..

Knowledge of The Site

It is important to acquire the knowledge of the project site before setting out the site layout. The knowledge about the project site can be obtained from:

• Contract Document
• Site Investigation
• Information from Local Authority

Knowledge from Contract Document
Plant Schedule
– This can be prepared in the form of a bar chart and method of statements showing the requirements and utilization on which will help in deciding the right equipment and the space for plant accommodation will be needed on site.

Material Schedule
– The basic data can be obtained from the bill of quantities. The contractor can predict the delivery periods and the amount or size of the site space and/or accommodation required.

Labor Summary
– Basic data obtained from the bill of quantities and pre-tender bar chart programmed to establish the number of sub-contract trades required. Also the quantity and type of site personnel accommodation required.

A Set of Hand Auger for Soil Sampling

Knowledge from Site Investigation
Access to Site
– All information regarding on-site and off-site access, road and rail facilities, distances involved and bridge weight or height limitations on approach routes.

The Workforce
− About the travel distances, availability of local trade contractors, specialist contractors, local rates of pay and facilities to be provided, examples site accommodation, catering, health and safety equipment, and so forth.

Temporary Services

The Common Services Trench

– Available and adequate power and water supplies together with rates of payment or services already on site, diversion required and the time element involved in carrying out any necessary diversion together with cost implications.

Security Matters
– Local vandalism and pilfering record (history if needed), security contractors facilities, need for night security, fencing hoarding requirements to prevent trespassing and to protect the people in the vicinity.

Site Clearance and Demolition
– The neighboring properties, preservation orders, trees, demolition problems and special insurance considerations.

Ground Composition
– All the general site conditions such as nature of soil, classification of soil, height of water table, flooding risks, tidal waters, site elevation, and so forth.

Knowledge from Local Authority
From the planning, highways, building departments
– Permission to develop the project site.

To ascertain the viability of the proposal
– Access roads and facilities are adequate.

Proposed alteration and improvement are acceptable
– Follow the given outline for approval.

The detail planning of construction application is necessary for authority approval…

Planning Site Layouts

When planning construction site layouts the following must be taken into account:

• Site Activities
• The Efficiency
• Facilities and Accommodation

Site Activities
The time needed for carrying out the principal activities can be estimated:

1. the data obtained previously for preparing the material such as concrete where the rate of placing concrete will be determined by the output of the mixer,
2. labor requirements, example speed of transporting the mix to the appropriate positions.

Alternatives which can be considered are:
– Provide more than one mixer, regulated supply of ready mix concrete or on large contracts, pumping the concrete to the placing position.

All alternatives methods for any activity will give different requirements for staff numbers, material storage, access facilities and possibly plant types and numbers.

Efficient Handling and Storage of Materials

The Efficiency
To achieve maximum efficiency the site layout must aim at maintaining the desired output of the planned activities. This will depend largely upon the following factors:
• Avoidance, as far as practicable of double handling materials.
• Walking distance are kept to a minimum to reduce the non productive time spent in covering the distance between working, rest and storage areas.
• Avoidance of loss by the elements;
– provide adequate protection for unfixed material on site, thereby preventing time loss and cost of replacing damage materials,
– Proper store keeping arrangements to ensure that the materials are of the correct type, in the correct quantity and are available when required.
• Avoidance of loss by theft and vandalism;
– provide security arrangements by having adequate hoardings and fences.
• Avoidance of loss due to pilfering by site staff;
– provide adequate system of stores’ requisition and material checking procedures.
• Minimizing on-site traffic congestion;
– plan delivery arrivals,
– provide adequate parking facilities for staff cars and mobile machinery when not in use,
– provide sufficient turning circle room for the type of delivery vehicles likely to enter site.

Facilities and Accommodation
Within the site layout, the main contractor is obliged to provide a safe, healthy place of work and safe system of work, plant and equipment which are not a risk to health as well as environment:

• A safe and healthy place of work,
• Safe access and egress from place of work,
• Safe and efficient system of work,
• Safe items of plant and equipment,
• Suitable and adequate training, supervision and instruction in the use of equipment,
• Suitable and appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE),
• Material and substances which are safe to use.

Apart from legislative necessities, the main area of concern will be sizing, equipping and assigned a location to the various units of accommodations such as:

• Mess Hut or quarters
• Toilets and washing area
• First aid and medical rooms
• Offices – Contractor’s supervisory staff, Clerk of works, Reception of material or security
• Lock up store for materials and tools
• Storage compound for major materials such as aggregate, sand, cement
• Timber store and formwork fabrication area
• Reinforcement store and fabrication area
• Scaffold and misc. store
• Sufficient vehicle parking areas
• Plant and machinery area such as tower crane, concrete deliveries, sand and cement storage, and site mixer
• Fencing or hoarding to mark boundary
• Great services and welfare
• Site Identification for workers and visitors

Site Layout for Building Construction

The site layout can be divide into several sections such as the main gate, hoarding fencing, uncovered storage area, covered storage area, car park, site office, access road / traffic in site, tower crane, workers mess, sign board, guard house, workshop for machinery, and material or soil stockpile.

The Conclusion

The planning of a site layout in practice will depend upon a number of factors such as the time and money. The need for careful site layout and site organization planning becomes more relevant as the size and complexity of the construction operation increases, and especially where spare site space is very limited.

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I would like to discuss the above matter because of certain criteria that sometimes overlooked, mis-informed or confused by other people on who actual worked in construction project besides the civil engineers and the team. Often times that people will normally deal with them without knowing others and also seeing them in control of almost everything in construction works.

In this case, it is not true as they have to collaborate to other professionals which considered as one of the ‘family’ in that particular project. In terms of project coordination…it is so…as construction works involved largely of civil part. In any construction project, either as consultant or contractor they will need all the help they can get to complete the job without any circumstances.

Architect

Architect, Master of Modern Art

Job Description:
Normally they are among the first people clients seek for any future developments. An architect sometimes called the modern Da Vinci in our time as they design things (mostly structures) through art with respect to science and engineering. Nowadays, it is not about the functionally or purposes of the structures concerns but more on artistry perspective. Besides working on new buildings design, they will look into an area planning developments with series of building, modification design upon existing buildings, give advice on the establishment and preservation of old properties, and beautification of surrounding landscapes.

Scope of Works:

• Preparation and presentation of design proposals to the client;
• Advising the client on the practicality of their project and collaborate with the civil engineers if any problems shall arise;
• Close observant between architectural drawing and structural drawing produced by civil designer, and tried to keep up with the concept. Examples: At some point the architect concept couldn’t be done due to structural aspect;
• Also consulting with other professionals about the design of an environment;
• Solving problems that might occur during construction period together with others and carrying out defect inspections;
• Making site visits to check on progress and ensuring that the project is running within the agreed time-frame.

Electrical Engineer

Electrical Engineer

Job Description:
If it is involving electrical matters or stuff, they are the one for the specialist job. You don’t want to mess around with it! The electrical engineers will design, develop and maintain electrical systems following strictly the required specifications, in-use-safety, reliability, quality, sustainability, and economy friendly. They are involved in almost all civil engineering projects from the concept and detail of electrical design through to implementation, testing, handover, and during maintenance.

Scope of Works:

• To identify, disable and relocate any existing electrical lines or cables before any civil work starts like excavation, renovation or demolition works;
• Working on installation and testing as comply to British (BS), European (EN) and other standards;
• Liaising with civil, mechanical engineers in the design team before any installation or changes could be made;
• Reading the technical drawings and design specifications;
• Proposing modifications and re-testing products, as well as servicing and maintaining equipment.

Mechanical Engineer

Mechanical Engineer

Job Description:
This engineers use their engineering principles to provide efficient solutions to the development of processes and products, ranging from small component designs to extremely large plant, machinery or vehicles. Most industries rely fully on mechanical systems and mechanical engineering is thought to be one of the most diverse of all engineering disciplines; from research and development to design and manufacture of products, and through to installation and final commissioning of plant; power plant, chemical plant, water treatment plant, hydro plant, and so forth.

Scope of Works:

• Designing and implementing cost-effective equipment modifications to help improve safety, reliability and throughput;
• Discussing and solving complex problems with manufacturing departments, sub-contractors, suppliers and customers;
• To ensure a product can be made reliably and would perform consistently in specified operating environments;
• Producing details of specifications and outline designs as well as considering the implications of issues such as cost, safety and time constraints;
• Work together with other professionals in relevant engineering specialism, and whereby monitoring, testing and commissioning plant and systems.

Chemical Engineer

Chemical Engineer

Job Description:
Now this is the group that we have less change to work with and seldom meet in construction and they only take part if any project involve chemicals such as chemical plant or natural gas industries. They use the theoretical and laws of chemistry to develop industrial chemical processes and often build on the findings of research chemists, who worked with small amount of materials in the laboratory. They must also consider the effect of a plant or process on the environment whereby building a plant that will release deadly fumes into the air, polluting rivers and lakes, and harming the wildlife.

Scope of Works:

• Determine the most effective and efficient arrangement of operations, such as mixing, crushing, heat transfer, distillation, and drying.
• Developing an effective safety rules to be employed by workers while operating equipment or working in close proximity to on-going chemical reactions.
• Performing laboratory studies of steps in manufacture of new product and test proposed process in small-scale operation (pilot plant).
• Direct activities upon workers who operate or engaged in constructing and improving absorption, evaporation, or electromagnetic equipment.
• Perform tests throughout stages of production to determine degree of control over variables, including temperature, density, specific gravity, and pressure.

Quantity Surveyor

Job Description:
A quantity surveyor manages all costs related to building projects, from the initial calculations to the final figures as a whole. Surveyors seek to minimize the costs of a project and enhance value in financial, while able to achieve the required standards and quality. Furthermore, they have to prepare contracts for construction projects by stating clearly the terms and conditions, studying and understand the contracts offered to us.

Scope of Works:

• Estimation of costs on a wide variety of new building projects and structures, such as residential, commercial and industrial developments, infrastructures and utilities, roads and bridges, and so on;
• Preparing and analyzing costing for tender and contract documents, including bills of quantities;
• Performing risk and value management, and cost control, plus undertaking costs analysis for defects and maintenance works;
• Evaluating completed work, arranging payments, and writing detailed progress reports;
• Assisting in establishing a client’s requirements and undertaking feasibility studies;
• Understanding the implications of safety and health regulations.

Image: Michelle Meiklejohn / FreeDigitalPhotos.net

Surveyor

Job Description:
Personal view; besides the quantity surveyor, this are the small group of workforce that involved directly with any construction project. In fact, they are among the first team to undergo an early investigation of the project site. Surveyors do different types of work such as measuring land, air space, and water areas. They will describe where a certain area of land is, what the structure looks like, and also measure the whole construction, mineral and dump sites.

I believe they have an enormous scope of works at hand, and must be physically fit to perform the hot-and-sunny job at site. Surveyors should be able to see objects, distances, sizes, and other forms in their minds. Their work has to be accurate all the time, because any significant error could cost a lot of money. Examples; Setting of road or runway alignments, bridge piers, piling points and foundation, embankment and pavement of road, and so on.

Scope of Works:

• Verify the accuracy of survey data, including measurements and calculations conducted at survey sites;
• Direct or conduct surveys in order to establish legal boundaries for properties, based on legal deeds and titles;
• Record the results of surveys, including the shape, contour, location, elevation, and dimensions of land or land features;
• Calculate heights, depths, relative positions, property lines, and other characteristics of terrain;
• Prepare or supervise preparation of all data, charts, plots, maps, records, and documents related to surveys;
• Determine longitudes and latitudes of important features and boundaries in survey areas, using theodolites, transits, levels, and satellite-based global positioning systems (GPS);
• Locate and mark sites selected for geophysical prospecting activities, such as efforts to locate petroleum or other mineral products;
• Survey bodies of water in order to determine navigable channels and to secure data for construction of breakwaters, piers, and other marine structures.

Geologist

Geologist, the Earth Specialist

Job Description:
Geologists are scientists who study the Earth’s crust to obtain an accurate picture of its structure (strata), history, and chemical composition. Their findings are used in construction, in planning environmental protection measures, and in exploring for sources of coal, metals, petroleum, and natural gas. They applied geological knowledge to engineering problems encountered in construction projects, such as bridges, dams, ports, tunnels, and large buildings.

Scope of Works:

• Consulting geological maps and aerial photographs to recommend on site selection;
• Undertaking desk studies and assessing sources of site information prior to field investigations;
• Assisting with the design of built structures and assessing findings for construction engineers;
• Site-based activities, including planning detailed field investigations by drilling and analyzing samples of deposits/bedrock, analyzing slopes of hilly area, and etc.;
• Advising on and testing a range of construction materials, such as sand, gravel, bricks and clay;
• Collaboration with engineering geologists, geotechnical engineers, consultants and contractors.

Safety and Health Officer

Safety and Health Officer, the Law Enforcer

Job Description:
At any construction site they are the enforcer of laws of safety and health regulation. This officers are responsible for the safety of every personals involved in construction at site. At the same time to make practice of healthy workplace in every corner of project site.

Scope of Works:

• Carrying out routine or unplanned visits and inspections to ensure compliance with health and safety legislation and taking action to improve conditions;
• Investigating accidents at workplace, and complaints about poor standards of health and safety, as well as identifying areas of negligence;
• Investigating outbreaks of infectious disease, and preventing it spreading any further;
• Advising on health and safety issues in relation to new buildings and developments;
• Arranging for removal of abandoned vehicles and refuge;
• Provide training workshops or seminars to every workers to follow strict guidelines as well as enforcing them to make full use of the provided safety equipment.

Workshop Mechanics

Mechanics of Machinery

Job Description:
We are nothing without machinery and wouldn’t be able to complete any project without it as we are not as tough as those guys who build the pyramids of Giza before. Agreed? They are the one whose managing and maintaining the functionally of both petrol and diesel machinery.

Scope of Works:

• To make sure the machinery has an adequate fuel consumption while on operation hours;
• To run regular maintenance schedule and have enough supplies of machinery parts;
• Always in standby if any machinery shall breakdown during operation.

I hope this covers the personals whose directly working with the civil engineering team, but if you want to add some valuable information please do so via comment. Cheers…

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Hi everybody… I’m definitely sure that some of us still on holidays mood. Nevertheless the fast approaching and upcoming New Year of 2010 leaves us lots of memorable thought throughout the year of 2009. Yes it is, don’t you agree? In our time human-made structure becomes more and more advanced with conjunction to our own desire and quest for better living.

But one thing for certain we are in debt to the builders, brave man (and of course women) for their skillful knowledge and hands-on ability for all things possible surround us. They worked hand-in-hand throughout countless hours with lots of sacrifices at hand. In general, the teams of builders are the consultant and the contractor, plus the architect and the owner. In this workforce consist of architect, civil engineers, technicians, machinery operators, researchers and so forth.

Big or small of workforce involved depending to the scale of each construction project. Up till now I’m still fascinated by tight working lifestyle and schedules of them until the man-made structure become a reality. I truly understand what they went through as I have been in it as well. One particular characteristic they have is that they see things differently compare to normal people. So what actually in their mind?

Let’s take one step backward by beginning a countryside journey while discussing the topic in the form of story. We all loved countryside journey while driving and with lots of scenery for the comfort of our eyes and mind. OK, it is a story developed together with mind generated characters to play alongside the journey…

Scenery One
Beginning by start-up of a car from home, small or big doesn’t matter as it is from your own sweat and guts earning properties (car as well, yep!). I looked around my surrounding…and stared at one pretty looking bungalow and looking around some housing nearby. Along the way not far from home, there are lots of buildings – big and small; residential houses, commercial shop houses, schools, religious building, Government buildings…

Scenery Two
The journey continues again, as I drove entering the town area…and there lots of man-made structures; lots of human accomplishment and perhaps a lot more in near future. Drove from one block to another block with ease by integration of systematic roads, highways and also flyovers; enjoying the beauty of cityscape – architectural skyscraper, commercial complex, luxury hotels, state museum and library, and lot more. The surrounding has charged a lot, but there is still room for more improvement. Nonetheless, life in the city becomes congested with traffics of people from rural area. As a result, issues like unhealthy environment, social illnesses and so forth would become disadvantage…

Scenery Three

The Bridge

Finally, away from the busy lifestyle of city and I could smell the fresh air. It is calm, peaceful and gives you pleasant driveway along the long road of rural division. It is still greener here at countryside but I knew changes will come to this precious place someday unless we come up with a brilliant idea by balancing between developments and preserving environment.

After long driving, I stopped by at the pump station and catches a drink before continue again my journey. Thank you for your precious time reading this post…

” Happy New Year 2010 “

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I have done some little research on Top Construction Companies in the World. A list of 28 countries with number one spot in construction industry. This might attract interest to some of us and here’s the list as follows:

Top Construction Companies in The World

VINCI is no.1 construction company of France and in the World.

BECHTEL is no.1 construction company of the United States of America.

HOCHTIEF is no.1 construction company of Germany.

CCCC Ltd. (China Communications Construction Company) is no.1 construction company of People’s Republic of China.

ACS Group is no.1 construction group of Spain.

SKANSKA is no.1 construction company of Sweden.

TAISEI is no.1 construction company of Japan.

SAIPEM is no.1 construction company of Italy.

STRABAG is no.1 construction group of Austria.

BALFOUR BEATTY is no.1 construction company in the United Kingdom.

ROYAL BAM GROUP is no.1 construction group of Netherlands.

LEIGHTON is no.1 construction group in Australia.

AKER SOLUTIONS is no.1 construction company in Norway.

ENKA is no.1 construction company of Turkey.

SNC-LAVALIN is no.1 construction company of Canada.

HYUNDAI E & C is no.1 construction group in South Korea.

LARSEN & TOUBRO is no.1 construction group of India.

YIT GROUP is no.1 construction company of Finland.

ODEBRECHT is no.1 construction company of Brazil.

CCC (Consolidates Contractors Company) is no.1 construction company of the Middle-East.

ORASCOM is no.1 construction group in Egypt.

MURRAY & ROBERTS is no.1 of South Africa.

ELLAKTOR is no.1 construction group of Greece.

MTHOJGAARD is no.1 construction company of Denmark.

SHIKUN & BINUI ARISON Group is no.1 in Israel.

BUDIMEX is no.1 construction group in Poland.

JULIUS BERGER is no.1 construction company in Nigeria.

GRANIT is no.1 construction company of Macedonia.

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Above is the two workforce team that considered most important elements in any construction project. It’s look like a face-off comparison between this two due to each scope of works in terms of role-play, organization, technical, financial, responsibility, compliance, and etc. This time the civil engineering tag-team takes on the spotlight onto the desk of Client’s project requirements. The clients could be from the government sector or the private sector that’s financing the project cost, in-demand high-quality of design and quality of structure, satisfactory and comfort of users, and risk-free guarantee.

The Consultant
The consulting civil engineers would liaise directly with clients to plan, design, supervise and manage the construction of projects. Besides that they will also collaborate with public service departments and other government related authorities. The consultant’s team is often small in numbers which consist of design engineer, in-house engineers (civil, mechanical and electrical), architect, quantity surveyor, and sometimes researcher.

This team is involved with the design, development and construction of a huge range of projects in the design-build and natural environment. Their role is central to ensuring the secure, timely and well-resourced completion of projects in numerous areas, including building construction, road or highway construction, geotechnical engineering, coastal expansion, waste management, and so forth. They work in a number of different settings, experience, and would take great responsibility towards project success.

Typical work routines for civil engineering consultant comprise of:

• undertaking technical, feasibility and analytical studies, plus site investigations,
• thinking both creatively and logically to resolve design and development problems,
• developing detailed design drawings (design and build), as well as reviewing, revision and approving project drawings, plus supervising tendering procedures and compiling together proposals,
• implementing all appropriate requirements around issues such as technical standards, building permits, environmental regulations, sanitary design, decent manufacturing practices and safety-first on all work places, etc.,
• take advantage in the usage of design computer packages for designing projects, undertaking complex and repetitive calculations, and shortening work process,
• managing change – Client changing thoughts about the design, and also identifying, formalizing and notifying to related parties upon any changes,
• ensuring the project progress runs smoothly and that the structure is completed on time and within given budget, as well as correcting any project deficiencies that affect production, quality and safety requirements prior to final evaluation and project reviews,
• others like compiling, checking and approving reports; scheduling material and equipment purchases, and delivery; managing, supervising and visiting contractors on site and advising on civil engineering matters.

The Contractor
Consulting engineers are the designers whereas contracting civil engineers would turn their plans into reality, often called The Doer. Contractor is defined as the builder of the major construction contract for the project. The organization would be larger in terms of workforce compared to consulting team. Te rewarded contract of project by client will work closely with its representative, the consultant throughout the construction timeframe.

In general the contractor’s team consists of technical, operation, laboratory, and workshop section. Within the Project Manager managements, they responsibility are to provide an adequate supplies of all material, manpower, equipment, machinery, transportation, tools, and services necessary for the construction of the project. Besides that they are to prepare suitable place for site office, material stockpile, workers quarters, batching plant, and laboratory and machinery workshop. In certain cases, it is common for the main contractor to employ sub-contractors for some parts of the work to other persons or companies that specialize in these types of work, such as electrical and mechanical works.

Typical work routines for civil engineering contractor comprise of:

• undertaking the coordination of entire construction, renovation or demolition of any structures at site,
• responsible for the means and methods to be used in the construction execution of the project in accordance with the contract documents,
• take into account in hiring skilled, efficient, trustworthy sub-contractors as it could jeopardize the construction work progress,
• ensuring full compliance of technical standards, building and workers permits, environmental regulations, safety and health on all project site, and so forth,
• despite the long hours of works, the workmanship and work progress should be maintain and should not be affect so much unless by natural courses such as rainfall,
• should look upon high demand hands-on skilled and experienced (besides academic) employee or workers for boosting work efficiency and effectiveness,
• in any circumstances that would affect or slowdown the project progress, they should find the best alternative ways or method in resolving it like hiring the third party,
• others like documenting every work progress and report in monthly basis, contact bidding, rectification works, maintenance works, and so on.

Conclusion
No matter in what workforce you are in, both consultant and contractor are very important despite their scope of works. Thus, they must overcome their differences, difficulty and should be able to work hand in hand in order to make one successful construction project…

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In civil engineering terms, construction could be defined as the process or art of constructing or building a structure by putting together the sub-structure into one complete main structure as a whole (one unit). Construction works that involved in certain site project could be in small or large scale with respect to contract costing and requirement.

Firstly let’s have a look on who is commonly involve in civil constructions. There are three major workforce involved; the Client who acted as the owner of the project, the Consultant who acted as the client representative and the quality controller of the project, and lastly the Contractor who acted as the doer or the builder with total compliance of contract requirement and specification.

Construction works in civil engineering involve:
• works that connected with pre-preliminary works such as site investigation, preparation, and setting-out,
• clearing, excavation or landscaping works in conjunction with construction works,
• assembling or installing prefabricated components for utilize at construction site,
• demolition work or removal work, partially or totally of the involved structure.

Construction works also involve:
• works like erection, extension or structural alteration, conversion, fitting-out, renovation, repair, refurbishment, commissioning,
• reversal works like disassembling or decommissioning works,
• workforce efficiency in terms of manpower’s, machinery, plus materials, and utilities.

Maintaining the quality of works in construction is essential, and all three major workforces must work together in order to preserve it by means of responsibility and commitment. Construction technical standard is an established norm or requirement in a form of formal document, which contains establish uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, procedures and practices. Simply to say, if it’s involving people and safety then this is a must for every construction body to follow. British Standard (BS) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) are the most recognizable technical standards in the world.

Construction of any structure could not be done by simply using the human strength and guts. This is how they do it in ancient times. Remember the Great Wall and Giza? Therefore we need machinery like bulldozer, excavator, roller compactor, motor grader, mobilize crane, dump truck, concrete mixer, piling rig machine, and etc.

Civil engineering construction requires lots of work and involvement of all parties in order to provide a quality life and safety to us all…

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